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The meadow brown (''Maniola jurtina'') is a butterfly found in the Palearctic ecozone. Its range includes Europe south of 62 N, Russia eastwards to the Urals, Asia Minor, Iraq, Iran, North Africa, and the Canary Islands. The larvae feed on grasses. ==Description== There is marked sexual dimorphism in this species. Males are less colorful, with smaller eyespots and much reduced orange areas on the upper forewings. They are also much more active and range far about, while females fly less and often may not away from the area where they grew up. A variable number of smaller eyespots are usually found on the hindwing undersides. These may number up to 12 per individual butterfly, with up to 6 on each wing, but sometimes none. The factors that govern polymorphism in this trait are not resolved, although a number of theories have been proposed (Stevens 2005). On the other hand, the evolutionary significance of the upperwing eyespots is more obvious: The more active males have a markedly more cryptic upperside pattern, whereas the females have more opportunity to present their eyespots in a sudden display of colors and patterns that presumably startle predators so the butterfly has a better chance of escaping. Some specimens are bi-pupilled. File:Maniola jurtina qtl2.jpg|Small Heath (for comparison) File:Großes Ochsenauge Maniola jurtina 3.JPG|Female File:Meadow brown butterfly (Maniola jurtina) male underside bipupilled.JPG|female File:Meadow brown butterfly (Maniola jurtina) male underside no spots.jpg|female File:Große Ochsenauge, Maniola jurtina, mating.JPG|Mating File:Meadow brown butterflies (Maniola jurtina) mating.jpg|Mating File:Maniola jurtina caterpillar.jpg|First instar caterpillar File:Maniola jurtina pupa.jpg|Pupa 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「meadow brown」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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